Resistances Role In The Rwandan Genocide - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1629 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Genocide Essay Did you like this example? Resistance’s Role in the Rwandan Genocide First sentence? â€Å"Exactly fifty years after the discovery of the Nazi death camps, the world witnessed genocide in Rwanda† (Hintjens 241). The Hutu majority carried out a systematic campaign; its goal was the complete extermination of the Tutsis. While the genocide ended before the last Tutsi survivors could be eliminated, their population still underwent â€Å"one of the highest casualty rates of any population in history from non-natural causes† (Hintjens 241). The killing was so widespread that â€Å"333 deaths occurred every hour (White 472). That means, on average, over 5 people were killed every minute, or one person every eleven seconds. And this went on for over three months. Even today, â€Å"there is still a sense of disbelief at the enormity of the killings† (Hintjens 276). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Resistances Role In The Rwandan Genocide" essay for you Create order While â€Å"it is impossible to determine the exact number of people that died, it is estimated that the genocide left â€Å"as many 1 million people dead in 100 days† (Hintjens 276). Before it is possible to discuss the role of resistance, it is important to first understand that what happened in Rwanda was indeed genocide. According to Dominic, Olaifa, â€Å"The word, genocide, was coined by a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin (1900-1959) in 1944 from the word geno meaning race and the Latin word cide meaning killing He formed this word to describe a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of essential foundations of the life of national groups with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves† (34-35). This was the objective in Rwanda. The justification for beginning the genocide, or at least the event that sparked it was when â€Å"the plane carrying President Juvenal Habyarimana of Rwanda and President Cyprien Ntayamira of Burundi was shot down as it descended† (Dominic, Olaifa 36). So, a minor conflict, or at least something that would be a relatively minor event under ordinary circumstances, was used to justify the killings, and according to Dominic, Olaifa, â€Å"Genocide often uses minor conflict as a trigger† (36). Furthermore, â€Å"One of the common motives often exhibited by genocide perpetrators is to destroy a group perceived to be a threat to the ruling power† (Dominic, Olaifa 36). Because â€Å"All the Rwandans interviewed agreed on the fact that the Tutsis in exile had become a threat to the government of Juvenal Habyarimana,† (Dominic, Olaifa 36) it is apparent the Hutus in power determined that the Tutsis were a threat to their own power, and made it their goal to exterminate the Tutsi people. Although it is important to understand that genocide occurred, it is more important to attempt to determine how the genocide was able to happen, if anything helped minimize the carnage, and how the genocide came to an end; how else would it be possible to prevent future genocides? In Rwanda, although resistance to the Rwandan Genocide was minimal, nonviolent resistance mitigated the genocide and violent resistance ended the genocide. Resistance is the only way to prevent genocides from happening in the future. There is no easy way to determine what allowed the Hutu people to justify to themselves killing the Tutsis. In Hoex, Smeulers, though, they manage two identify ten distinct types of perpetrators: â€Å"(1) The criminal mastermind (defined as the supreme authority), (2) The fanatic (driven by hate and resentment), (3) The sadist (driven by a pleasure to induce pain), (4) The criminal (who was already involved in serious crime), (5), The professional (who has gone through extremely coercive military training in which he was trained to become a torturer or killer), (6) The devoted warrior (driven by a sincere belief in the ideology and the need to obey and conform to an authority), (7) The careerist (driven by careerism), (8) The profiteer (driven by pure self-interest or material gain), (9) The compromised perpetrator (driven by fear), (10) The conformist and follower (who follow the flow)† (435). All of these were present in Rwanda, but some were more prevalent. On the surface, it might seem like â€Å"(6) The devoted warrior† was the most common reason; perhaps it’s even comforting in a way to believe that. It’s easier to believe that the genocide happened because people thought that what they were doing was right because then it becomes possible to place distance between how a normal person thinks and how the killers thought. It’s easier to be confident in one’s ability to remain steadfast in one’s morals and ideology and hold the belief that â€Å"I would never become a devoted warrior, like the Hutus were† than to consider how you might behave if you were in the same, or a similar environment to the Hutu people when the genocide began in Rwanda. In reality, the most common reasons for killing were (8) greed, (9) fear, and (10) the herd mentality. One Hutu main,   â€Å"Some of my friends became killers. What made them change was greed. To get something from the killings. Their main motivation was gre ed† (Hoex, Smeulers 444). This idea is further supported by the assertion made in â€Å"Verwimp (2005), [that] greed was actually the most important motivating factor†¦. Normal Hutus who had no wealth went to the houses of rich Tutsis and killed the rich Tutsis† (Hoex, Smeulers 444). Fear was also a reason for killing: â€Å"There was always someone from the Interahamwe around. They came and said you have to kill or you will be killed. Many people were killed because they resisted or hesitated† (Hoex, Smeulers 442). Some killers were drawn to the strength they felt in large numbers: â€Å"It felt secure in the group, and that was a reason to join† (Hoex, Smeulers 444). There’s safety in a group, even comfort in a group. Even if the group is murdering massive numbers of people, those features of participating in a group still apply, and drove many people to kill. Fundamentally, the majority of the killers were driven by fear of what would happen if they refused to kill, the chance to become better off themselves by killing, or just the comfort in being part of a group. Of course, propaganda played also a role; â€Å"the RTLM,† a prominent radio station, â€Å"repeatedly referred to the Simusiga, or hurricane, portraying the genocide as a quasi-natural event which it was futile to resist† (Hintjens 267). This was part of an attempt to try to discourage resistance, and while it did. One Hutu man when interviewed, recounted, â€Å" ‘There was always someone from the Interahamwe around†¦ They came and said, â€Å"You have to kill or you will be killed.†Many people were killed because they resisted or hesitated’ † (Hoex, Smeulers 442). So, even hesitation to kill was enough of a reason to get killed yourself. This again creates conditions where its hard for the killers to even stop and think, to question their actions, and to think about if what they or doing is right. It was hard for the Tutsis to resist because it meant almost certain death, and it was hard for the Hutus to resist because they knew resisti ng will quite probably get them killed. Essentially, anyone who got caught resisting would often be tortured and then killed, which made it almost impossible for people to resist. Yet, people resisted. One Hutu man shared his powerful story: â€Å"I filled every hiding place with a person. Some were in the ceiling. Some were in the cupboards. Some were under the floor They demanded to come inside and search the property. I stood in the doorway and told them that they’d have to kill me first. ‘We’ll be back,’ they said. ‘And thanks for gathering the cockroaches into one place. Because it will be easier to kill them. I told the news to my wife, and we both agreed that we were ready to die. The next time the killers came, there were fifty of them. All of them had guns or machetes. They pushed straight past me and entered the pastor’s residence. They began pulling people out of the ceiling. They were kicking us and dragging us along the floor. I knew this was the end. I could see our death clearly. Some people were shivering and wailing and screaming for mercy. Others were completely silent. They’d already lost so ma ny loved ones and they were ready to die themselves. We were dragged to this very spot and put in three lines. We began to say our last prayers. I scanned the mob of killers for recognizable faces. Many of them were Christians. Some were even from my congregation. Every time I recognized a face, I called to him by name. I said: ‘When I die, I am going to heaven. Where will you go?’   Then I pointed to the next man, and asked him the same question. Then the next. Then the next.   Some of the killers grew nervous. They began to argue amongst themselves. Nobody wanted to be the first to kill. Soon they were threatening to shoot each other. And they began to leave, one by one, until all of them had run off. We didn’t lose a single person. After hiding out for three weeks, we were rescued by the Rwandan Patriotic Front.† Works Cited Dominic, Danjibo Nathaniel, and Olaifa Temitope Abimbola. â€Å"THE 1994 RWANDAN CONFLICT: GENOCIDE OR WAR?† International Journal on World Peace, vol. 30, no. 3, Sept. 2013, pp. 31–54. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24543759. Hintjens, Helen M. â€Å"Explaining the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda.† The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, June 1999, pp. 241–286. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/161847. Hoex, Lotte, and Alette Smeulers. â€Å"Studying the Microdynamics of the Rwandan Genocide.† British Journal of Criminology, vol. 50, no. 3, May 2010, pp. 435–454. JSTOR,   www.jstor.org/stable/43612863. Jayawickreme, Eranda, and Paul Di Stefano. â€Å"How Can We Study Heroism? Integrating Persons, Situations and Communities.† Political Psychology, vol. 33, no. 1, Feb. 2012, pp. 165–178. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41407026. White, Kenneth R. â€Å"Scourge of Racism: Genocide in Rwanda.† Journal of Black Studies, vol. 39, no. 3, Jan. 2009, pp. 471–481. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40282573.

Analysis of I wondered Lonely as a Cloud by William...

William Wordsworth (1770-1850) I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way, They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance The waves beside them danced; but they Outdid the sparkling waves in glee; A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company; I gazed- and gazed-but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought: For oft when in my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash†¦show more content†¦Down dropt the breeze, the sails dropt down, Twas sad as sad could be; And we did speak only to break The silence of the sea! All in a hot and copper sky, The bloody Sun, at noon, Right up above the mast did stand, No bigger than the Moon. Day after day, day after day, We stuck, nor breath nor motion; As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean. Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink; Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink. Analysis: Coleridge prefers to write on the supernatural subjects, that is also a characteristic of romanticism, and in this poem he deals with supernatural punishment and penance. On the first stanza, we have alliteration and assonance. On the second stanza, we have alliteration on the first and second lines and assonance on the third. On the third stanza, we have assonance on the second line, alliteration on the second and third lines, an assonance on the fourth line and an alliteration on the fifth line. On the fifth stanza, we have alliteration on the second line. On the sixth stanza, we have repetition on the second line, we have antithesis on the last two lines. On the seventh stanza, we have assonance on the second line. On the eighth stanza, we have repetition on the first stanza. On the ninth stanza, we have repetition on the first and third lines and antithesis on the last two lines. Percy Bysshe Shelley

Health Care System of Taiwan and the United States Free Essays

Health Care Systems of Taiwan and the United States Health care is one of the most essential foundations for any citizenship in any country since whether it is effective or not, it definitely affects the standard of living and the life expectancy of a country. According to Johnson and Stoskopf (2009), â€Å"A health system as described by the World Health Organization (WHO) is the sum total of all the organizations, institutions, and resources whose primary purpose is to improve health,† (p. 3). We will write a custom essay sample on Health Care System of Taiwan and the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, to positively improve a nation, having an effective ealth care system is crucial. Being recognized as one of the powerful countries in the world, the United States has a great shape of health care programs; however, sometimes it is inaccessible to some of the citizens. On the contrary, as a small country, Taiwan is famous for its health care system although there are still defective parts existing in the current system. To compare the differences of health care systems in Taiwan and the United States, we can observe the three major aspects: ownership, cost, and quality. First of all, Taiwan and the United States have different types of ownership in the health care systems. Thus, Taiwan owns a single-payer system, which is run by the government, forcing everyone to Join it and pay. Because of this policy, the coverage of health care is close to 99 percent (Underwood, 2009). In this country, the government-run system covers prevention, primary care, hospitalization, Chinese massage, acupuncture, traditional herbal medicine, mental health care, dental, vision, and long-term care. Unlike Taiwan, the United States possesses several types of ublic and private funding systems: Medicare and Medicaid are the two main public funded plans for Americans. There is also abundance of private insurance companies for people to choose, but they usually have a long list of pre-existing conditions, which restricts many patients since they are unable to receive health care insurance. Although the United States contains public and private programs, nearly 15. 6 percent of Americans had no health insurance in 2003, (Samuel D. , 2010). Secondly, the cost of health care for Taiwanese and Americans is divergent. Thus, Taiwan spends approximately 6 percent of G. D. P. on health care while the United State spends about 16 percent of G. D. P. (Seth B. , 2009, p. 1). Moreover, in Taiwan, people merely have to pay small amount of money set by the Bureau of National Health Insurance (BNHI) for each medical service received, and the BNHI will cover the rest of the payment (Taiwan Health Care Reform Foundation, 2010). As a result, no one in Taiwan goes bankrupt due to the medical bill. Unlike Taiwanese, a lot of Americans undergo bankruptcy since they cannot afford their medical bills. Finally, the quality of health care in Taiwan is not the same as that in the United to turn to. Moreover, there is no waiting time for patients which highly enhances the effectiveness of health care. The competition between public and private hospitals improves the quality. Furthermore, every Taiwanese who is under the coverage has a Smart Card: an electronic health record, which is required for patient to bring along when seeing a doctor. The nurses would scan the card and all the medical record of that patient would appear clearly. It is a paperless system that improves treatment nd reduces redundant process of paperwork. Different from Taiwan, the insurance companies in the United States limit the patients in what doctors and hospitals they can go to, and it is necessary to set up an appointment in advance. In conclusion, it should be underscored that the ownership of health care systems plays an important role for a country because it might affect the entire system. The cost determines whether or not the citizens of the country are able to pay for the bills. The overall quality is a critical aspect of health care system since it ight either directly or indirectly influence a patient’s well-being. It is quite difficult for me to conclude which one of the health care systems is more effective due to the fact that Taiwan and the United States are distinctive in many ways, such as population and country size. Nevertheless, there are still several aspects that the United States can learn from Taiwan: for instance, studying other nations’ health care system. Before deciding on a health care system, the experts in Taiwan carried out research on several successful countries’ programs and eventually established its wn in 1995. How to cite Health Care System of Taiwan and the United States, Papers

Acute Homeopathic Treatment

Question: Discuss about theAcute Homeopathic Treatment. Answer: Case Summary A 62 year old male patient Mr. A reported of experiencing pain localized in the epigastrium that often radiated towards the right scapular tip accompanied by symptoms related to nausea and vomiting. He also complained of indigestion, bloating and flatulence often. Pain ranging from dull to acute type is found to persist for 1-2 hours in postprandial condition and gradually subsided. Recurrent acidity and burning pain in the epigastrium were other perceived complaints of the patient. Working Diagnosis The diagnosis of the clinical condition referring to the associated symptoms as complained by the patient was conducted by virtue of performing laboratory based tests consisting of the complete blood test, differential blood count, liver function panel and lipase as well as amylase activities. The laboratory findings were insignificant except the liver function analysis and abdominal radiography did not reveal any conclusive diagnostic outcomes. Differential diagnosis by means of endoscopic diagnosis detected small stones in the gallbladder that confirmed the presence of the clinical condition termed as cholelithiasis. CT, MRI and oral cholecystography further provided evidence for the presence of gallstones in the patient (Lammert et al., 2015). Pathophysiology and Allopathic Treatment The precursor to gallstones formation consist of biliary sludge composed of calcium bilirubinate, cholesterol microcrystals and mucin. This sludge in due course of time evolve into gallstones that may be further divided into two types, one consisting of the calcium bilirubinate and inorganic Ca salts termed as black pigment stones. Old age, chronic hemolysis and alcoholic liver disease seem to accelerate stone development. Contrarily, brown pigment stones having a soft and greasy texture and composed of calcium bilirubinate and fatty acids appeared due to infection, inflammation and parasitic infestation. Biliary colic pain is the most common symptom along with the non specific GI symptoms of nausea, vomiting and bloating. Allopathic treatment for gallstones generally consists of oral bile salt therapy (ursodeoxycholic acid), contact dissolution and extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy. Bile salt therapy is another option for the disease mitigation. The hard deposits of cholesterol, bile salts and bilirubin in gall bladder can thus be resolved through this treatment modality (Alok et al., 2013). Rubric Selection and Differentiation Pain in upper right abdomen radiating to the back and between the shoulder blades along with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, flatulence and indigestion High cholesterol in blood and high fat intake in diet Obesity prevalent due to excess body fat and overweight Gallstones in the patient (homeoint.org., 2016). Formal Repertorisation Gallstone: This analysis contains 524 remedies and 15 symptoms. Intensity is considered. Sum of symptoms (sort:deg) 1. MIND-COMPANY-desire for 1 130 2. MIND-MILDNESS 1 106 3. GENERALS-WARM-agg 1 175 4. GENERALS-FOOD and DRINKS-sweets-desire 1 175 5. GENERALS-FOOD and DRINKS-spices-desire 1 74 6. GENERALS-FOOD and DRINKS-meat-aversion 1 149 7. STOMACH-APPETITE-increased-disease: before the onset of a 1 7 8. EXTREMITIES-PAIN-burning-Foot-Sole-night 1 14 9. MOUTH-DRYNESS-tongue-morning-walking on 1 20 10. STOMACH-THIRST-night 1 94 11. DREAMS-GHOSTS 1 43 12. BACK-PAIN-aching-Lumbar region-walking 1 30 13. URETHRA-PAIN-burning-urination-during 1 187 14. ABDOMEN-GALLSTONES 1 33 15. ABDOMEN-PAIN-Hypochondria-right 1 91 Similimum and Remedy Analysis Referring to the Materia Medica by William Boericke it was found that in order to treat the symptoms associated to gallstones Calcarea Carbonica in addition to Lycopodium is recommended to suit the patients condition. Calcarea Carbonica would be effective in condition of overweight individual with gallstones and having high cholesterol and triglycerides similar to the studied case situation while Lycopodium will act on the cholelithiasis by means of alleviating the biliary colic pain (www.homeoint.org., 2016). Assessment of Susceptibility Sensitivity Dietary consumption patterns and exercise are the confounding factors influencing the development of gallstones. The geriatric patient exhibited features of obesity and is accustomed to intake fatty substance. Research indicates that obese or overweight persons undergoing rigorous weight loss programs or subjected to bariatric surgery are more vulnerable to contract gall stones. Empirical findings highlight the presence of cholelithiasis among the geriatric population. The inception of pain is often found to recur in 20-40% of patients per year. In 95% of the cases abdominal ultrasonography is found to be most accurate and sensitive to detect the presence of gallbladder stones. In the given case, the old patient with persisting obesity is therefore at the high risk of developing gallstones (www.drhomeo.com., 2016). Prescribing Recommendations Pertaining to the condition of cholelithiasis in the patient, Calcarea carbonica 200+ having potency 30 to CM is advised as the old man is found to be overweight and have high amount of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Sulphur is recommended prior to taking the Calcarea carbonica followed by Lycopodium 200 single dose to alleviate the bloating after meals. Chelidonium is further suggested to ameliorate the pain in the patient. Dosage of the Calcarea carbonica with 30c every 12 hours for upto 14 days is suggested to treat the condition and dissolve the gall stones. Cardus Marianus Q. 10 drops for twice/thrice a day for two weeks as per severity of the pain may be taken as well (www.homeopathytoday.net., 2016). Prescription Instructions The prescribed homeopathic medicines are advisable to be consumed in clean mouth that is at least 15 minutes before or after taking any sort of meal or drink. Liquid form of the medicines is generally kept in a bottle with pipette or dropper. It is preferable and safe to store the medicines in a cool and dry place away from the sunlight or strong electromagnetic radiation within a temperature range of 10-20?C. After taking the medicine the patient should wait for 15 minutes prior to consuming any food or brushing the teeth. It is also recommended to avoid coffee, alcohol, spicy foods, mints, and tobacco during the course of medication (Barron, 2015). Adjunct Therapies/Non-Homoeopathic Advice In conjunction with the homeopathic recommendation, adjunct therapy consisting of Chinese medicinal herbs may be used safely for reliving the symptoms of gallstones due to the synergistic actions of the therapies so as to prevent future recurrence and ensure reduction of the pain symptoms because of the prevailing clinical condition (Gan et al, 2013). Possible Prescription Reactions On follow up after 14 days of prescription the patient reported of reduced perception of pain and improved bowel movement without any notable complication of nausea or vomiting tendency. No adverse drug reactions were also identified in the patient and an overall improvement of health was observed in him. Lycopodium 200 was only changed into 1 M single dose with all other prescribed medications remaining the same and the next consultation was fixed after another 14 days to evaluate the progress. References Alok, S., Jain, S. K., Verma, A., Kumar, M., Sabharwal, M. (2013). Pathophysiology of kidney, gallbladder and urinary stones treatment with herbal and allopathic medicine: A review.Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease,3(6), 496-504. Barron, J. (2015). U.S. Patent Application No. 14/868,051. Gan, T., Chen, J., Jin, S. J., Wang, Y. (2013). Chinese medicinal herbs for cholelithiasis.The Cochrane Library. Lammert, F., Gurusamy, K., Ko, C. W., Miquel, J. F., Mndez-Snchez, N., Portincasa, P., ... Wang, D. Q. (2015). Gallstones.Nature reviews. Disease primers,2, 16024-16024. www.drhomeo.com., (2016). Retrieved on 2 December 2016, from https://www.drhomeo.com/gall-bladder/homeopathic-remedies-for-gall-stones-and-gall-bladder-pain/ www.homeoint.org., (2016). Retrieved on 2 December 2016, from https://www.homeoint.org/books/boericmm/c/chol.htm www.homeopathytoday.net., (2016). Retrieved on 2 December 2016, from https://homeopathytoday.net/homeopathy/family-homeopathy/item/80-how-to-dissolve-gallstones-with-homeopathy